See also Hormone Action Hormone Mechanisms of Action Hormone Hierarchy of Action Receptors with Protein Kinase Activity
Thyroid Hormone Receptor Resource Figure 12.13 Signal transduction pathway involving adenylate cyclase. i Figure 12.13 Signal transduction pathway involving adenylate cyclase. i The insulin receptor (Figure 23. ) is a glycoprotein with an ot2. 2 tetrameric structure, stabilized by disulfide bonds. Both the ot chain (735 residues) and the fi chain (620 residues) are translated from a single mRNA, giving a polypeptide chain that then undergoes proteolytic processing. The ot chain, which is...
See also Action of Insulin from Chapter 23 Gluconeogenesis Control of Fatty Acid Synthesis Hormonal Regulation of Fuel
PEPCK is an enzyme of gluconeogenesis. It catalyzes conversion of the 4-carbon compound, oxaloacetate, to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), releasing CO2. The reaction requires energy input from GTP and produces GDP. Oxaloacetate + GTP < > PEP + CO2 + GDP For PEPCK to function in gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate produced in the pyruvate carboxylase reaction in the mitochondria, must be transported to the cytoplasm. PEPCK is not under any known allosteric control. Activity of the enzyme is regulated...
AcetylCoA inhibits Pyruvate kinase and activates Pyruvate Carboxylase
Other control points on the two pathways are shown in Figure 16.6 The major allosteric regulatory factor of the two pathways is Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate. Note in Figure 16.7 that PFK-2 and Fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase are on the same peptide and are affected differently by phosphorylation see below . Interconversion of PFK-2 and Fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase depends on the level of cAMP which is stimulated by glucagon and epinephrine and is inhibited by insulin . Increasing cAMP glucagon...
See also Oxygen Binding by Heme Proteins Oxygen Binding by Myoglobin Oxygen Binding by Hemoglobin Hemoglobin Allostery
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Figure 7.3 Comparison of myoglobin and hemoglobin. Li Figure 7.3 Comparison of myoglobin and hemoglobin. Li Figure 6.1 Three-dimensional folding of the protein myoglobin. Figure 6.1 Three-dimensional folding of the protein myoglobin. Myoglobin Hemoglobin Structure - The myoglobin-hemoglobin family of proteins employs Fe II for O2 binding. Throughout the myoglobin-hemoglobin family, the iron is chelated by a tetrapyrrole ring system called protoporphyrin IX, one of a large class of porphyrin...
See also Glycogen Synthase Glycogen Biosynthesis Glycogen Synthase D cAMPDependent Protein Kinase Kinase Cascade
Glycogen synthesis and breakdown are controlled tightly by hormonal action. These involve regulatory kinase cascades, as depicted in Figure 13.18 for glycogen breakdown. Like gluconeogenesis glycolysis, glycogen synthesis breakdown is reciprocally regulated. For example, epinephrine inhibits glycogen synthesis at the same time as it promotes glycogen breakdown. Glycogen synthase is the primary regulatory enzyme in glycogen synthesis. Like glycogen phosphorylase, the enzyme that breaks down...
- A
- Biosynthetic Pathway That Oxidizes Glucose The Pentose Phosphate Pathway Figure 1422
- A G protein Figure 2312
- A typical xylan structure
- Acetaldehyde
- Acetoacetate
- Acetone
- AcetylACP
- AcetylCoA
- AcetylCoA Carboxylase
- Acid NAM Bacterial Cell Wall Biosynthesis from Chapter 16 Figure 1620
- Acids Glycerophospholipids Glycerophospholipid Pathway Ether Phospholipids
- Actinomycin D
- Action of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Reactions mechanisms Figure 1410 The Citric Acid Cycle Figure 143
- Active Transport Mechanisms
- Activity Histidine
- Acyclovir Acycloguanosine
- AcylCoA
- Adenosine Diphosphate ADP
- Adenosine Monophosphate AMP
- Adenosine Triphosphate ATP
- Adenylate Kinase
- Adipocytes - 2
- Adrenal Corticotropic Hormone ACTH
- AIDS and the Immune Response Figure 737b
- Aiiy segment of five residues or more with Pp 105 and iPfi Ph is predicted to be 0 sheet
- Alanine tkeiOilutaiate pynivaie glui arrive
- Aliphatic Amino Acids
- Alkaloid Biosynthesis II
- All trans Retinal
- Allantoin
- Allolactose
- Allosteric Regulation
- Alphaketoglutarate
- Amino Acid Degradation and Metabolism of Nitrogenous End Products
- Amino Acid Information
- Amino Acids - 2
- Amino Acids Related to Citric Acid Cycle Intermediates Figure 211
- Amp
- Amylose
- Analogs in Medicine Adenosine araC
- And the Equilibrium Constant
- Androgen and Estrogen Metabolism
- Ankyrin
- Antibiotic Inhibition of Translation
- Antibody Resource Page - 2 3
- Antibody Structure
- Antioxidants
- Apoprotein B48 Apo B48
- Apoptosis
- Arabinosyladenine araA
- Arachidonic Acid allcis58ll14Eicosatetraenoic acid
- ArachidonylCoA
- Arginine
- Argininosuccinate
- Aromatic Amino Acids
- Aspartate Carbamoyl Phosphate Carbamoyl Aspartate
- Aspartic Semialdehyde
- Aspartyl Phosphate
- Atherogenesis is the process by which atherosclerotic plaques form a critical step in the disease atherosclerosis
- ATPr
- Azacytidine
- Azide
- Bacitracin
- Back to Main Index - 2 3 4
- Back to Main Index Ibuprofen
- Back to Main Index Macroions 5 6 7 8 9
- BamHI segments
- Bilirubin
- Bilirubin Diglucuronide
- Biliverdin
- Binding and Molecular Switching Figure 713 shows the relationship of His F8 and the
- Biochemistry
- Biosynthesis of Thymine Deoxyribonucleotides
- Biosynthesis of Triacylglycerols Diagram 1 2
- Bisphosphoglycerate 13BPG
- Bisphosphoglycerate and Hemoglobin
- Bisphosphoglycerate compound also called glycerate23bisphosphate has two important
- Blood Clotting
- Bonds Biosynthesis of Amino Sugars from Chapter
- Bovine Pancreatic Trypsin Inhibitor BPTI
- Brain Metabolism
- Bundle Sheath Cells
- Buoyant density gcni3
- C
- C02 H20 Hc03 H
- Calcium in Contraction Troponins
- Calciumbinding protein
- Calvin Cycle
- CAMPDependent Protein Kinase cAPK
- Carbamoyl Phosphate
- Catabolism of Polysaccharides - 2
- CDPdiacy Ig lycc rol
- CDPGlucose
- Cell Walls
- Cellulase
- Cera mide GMi gangliwide and globoside
- Cerebrosides are sphingolipids made by attaching a sugar to a ceramide Figure 108 Cerebrosides
- CFOCFl
- Ch2
- Chemical Reaction Rates and the Effects of Catalysts
- HjC COO
- Cholecalciferol
- Choline Acetyltransferase
- Choline Kinase
- Chorismic Acid Chorismate
- Chromatin
- Circular DNA and Supercoiling
- Cis Aconitate
- CisRetinal
- Citrate ATP CoASH AcetylCoA Oxaloacetate ADP Pi catalyzed by Citrate Lyase
- Citric Acid Cycle Intermediates in Amino Acid Metabolism
- Citric Acid Cycle Reactions
- Citrulline
- Class III elements
- Class III Transposable Elements
- Clathrin
- Codons
- Coenzyme A CoA or CoASH 0P0
- Coenzyme Q CoQ or Ubiquinone
- Coenzymes Involved in Pyruvate Oxidation and the Citric Acid Cycle Thiamine Pyrophosphate Figure 146
- Coenzymes Vitamins and Essential Metals
- Concepts - 2 3
- Coniferyl Alcohol
- Coo
- Covalent Modifications to Regulate Enzyme Activity - 2
- Covalent Regulation
- COX2 Inhibitors - 2
- Creatine ATP Creatine Phosphate ADP - 2
- Creatine ATP Creatine Phosphate ADP catalyzed by Creatine Kinase
- Cyclic adenosine monophosphate cAMP
- Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate cGMP
- Cycloheximide
- Cytosine
- De Novo Pyrimidine Nucleotide Metabolism
- Debye Huckel Theory
- Decarboxylase
- Deoxycytidine
- Deoxycytidine Diphosphate dCDP
- Deoxyguanosine
- Deoxyguanosine triphosphate dGTP
- Deoxypyrimidine Kinase
- Deoxyribose5Phosphate
- Deoxythymidine ATP dTMP ADP
- Deoxythymidine Monophosphate dTMP
- Deoxyuridine
- Deoxyuridine Diphosphate dUDP
- Deoxyuridine Monophosphate dUMP
- Derivation of the Hyperbolic Shape of the Myoglobin Binding Curve here
- Fructose6Phosphate F6P
- Glucose ATP G6P ADP H
- Dglutamic acid
- Glyceraldehyde3Phosphate NAD Pi 13 Bisphosphoglycerate NADH
- Diacylglycerol Maintaining Blood Glucose Levels
- Digitoxin is a glycoside
- Dihydrofolate DHF
- Dihydrofolate Reductase
- Dihydrolipoamide Transacetylase E2
- Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate DHAP
- Dihydroxycholecalciferol l25OHD3
- Isocitrate
- Dna
- DNA as the Template for RNA Synthesis
- DNA polymerase I DNA polymerase Ii Dna polymerase III
- DNA polymerase vs RNA polymerase Vmax see here for the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme
- DNA Replication Overview
- Dolichol Phosphate
- Dolichol Phospo Glucose
- Talose
- E coli DNA Polymerase I
- E coli DNA Polymerase II
- E coli DNA Polymerase III Holoenzyme
- E ryt h ros e4p ho sph at e
- Early Insights into DNA Replication
- EI
- Electron Transport
- Electron Transport Cytochromes
- Elongation of Translation
- Enoylpyruvylshikimic Acid3Phosphate
- Entropy
- Entry of Other Sugars into the Glycolytic Pathway
- Entry of Other Sugars into the Glycolytic Pathway Catabolism of Other Saccharides
- Enzymes of Gluconeogenesis
- Epinephrine
- Epinephrine also known as adrenaline is the
- Equation 210
- Erythromycin
- Essential Amino Acids
- Estradiol
- Estrogens
- Ethanol NAD Acetaldehyde NADH
- Ethanol NAD Acetaldehyde NADH H
- Ethanolamine
- Eukaryotic DNA Polymerases
- Eukaryotic Promoter Database - 2
- Eukaryotic Transciptional Initation Elongation
- Evolution of Interferon Therapy
- Excitable Membranes Action Potentials and Neurotransmission Figure 1029
- F16BP Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate DGlyceraldehyde3Phosphate AG
- F6P Glutamine Glucosamine6phosphate Glutamate
- Factor Independent Termination of Transcription
- Factors Contributing to Large Energies of Hydrolysis of Phosphate Compounds
- Factors Determining Secondary and Tertiary Structure
- Farnesyl Pyrophosphate
- Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
- Fatty Acid Desaturation
- Fatty Acid Oxidation
- Fatty Acid Synthase
- Fatty Acids
- Fatty AcylCoA Dehydrogenase
- FCCP is a chemical uncoupler of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation
- FerredoxinNADP Oxidoreductase FNR
- FfAmylase
- FfDGlucose
- FfDGlucose6Phosphate G6P
- Figure 105 Phospholipids and membrane structure
- Figure 1129 Cleavage of a typical pretRNA by ribonuclease P
- Figure 1310 Alternative fates of glycolytic intermediates in biosynthetic pathways
- Figure 1314 Reaction pathway for UDPgalactose 4epimerase
- Figure 1318 The regulatory cascade controlling glycogen breakdown
- Figure 136 Energy and electron profile of anaerobic glycolysis
- Figure 138 Periodic oscillations of the levels of glycolytic intermediates in yeast cells undergoing glycolysis
- Figure 1515
- Figure 1519 F1 ATP synthase as a rotary engine driving the synthesis of ATP
- Figure 1520 The experimental system that permits observation of rotation
- Figure 1826 Phosphopantetheine as the reactive unit in ACP and CoA
- Figure 196 Specificities of phospholipases Al A2 C and D
- Figure 2010 Structure of the proteasome
- Figure 205 Structure of nitrogenase complex
- Figure 2435 Action of the DNA uracil repair system
- Figure 244 Details of lagging strand synthesis
- Figure 261 DNAprotein complex that regulates transcription
- Figure 2723 Regeneration of EFTuGTP by TuTs exchange
- Figure 428 A palindromic DNA sequence
- Figure 48 Experiments that showed DNA to be the genetic substance
- Figure 514 The amino acid sequences of sperm whale myoglobin and human myoglobin
- Figure 56 Absorption spectra of the aromatic amino acids in the nearultraviolet region
- Figure 623 Thermal denaturation of BPTI
- Figure 717 Two anionic compounds that bind to deoxyhemoglobin
- Figure 813 Factin and its associated proteins
- Figure 89a Muscle structure seen at the EM level
- Figure 927 The structure of a lipotechoic acid
- Figure 93 Trioses the simplest monosaccharides
- Figure 94 Aldoseketose interconversion via an enediol intermediate
- Flagellin
- Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide FAD
- Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide Reduced FADH
- Fluoroacetate - 2
- Fluorodeoxyuridine Monophosphate FdUMP
- For the recycling of5678Tetrahydrofolate
- Forces stabilizing secondary structure on the other hand include
- Formation of Aminoacylated tRNAs
- From Chapter 9 Dolichol Phosphate
- Fructose 16Bisphosphatase Fl6BPase
- Ft Globin Gene Structure Figure lu shows how the exon intron structure of the hemoglobin
- Fumarate Hydratase Fumarase
- Galactose
- Ganciclovir
- Gangliosides
- GDPMannose
- Gene Amplification Figure 2541
- General Replication Strategies for RNA Viruses
- Generation of altered oxidized bases in DNA such as 8oxoguanine or 5hydroxyuracil and thymine
- Genetic Code
- Genome Organization
- Gentiobiose
- Globin Gene Server - 2 3
- Glucokinase
- Gluconeogenesis - 2
- Gluconeogenesis and Glycolysis Regulation Link Page
- Gluconeogenesis to Glycolysis Role of Fructose26Bisphosphate in Gluconeogenesis Regulation
- Glucose6Phosphatase
- Glucuronic Acid
- Glutamate Synthase
- Glutamic Acid Glutamate
- Glutamicr Semialdehyde
- Glutamine
- Glutamine Atp Hco3 Glutamate Carbamoyl Phosphate ADP
- Glutamine formation Glutamine synthetase catalyzes the following reaction Glutamate NH3 ATP Glutamine ADP Pi
- Glutamine H2O Glutamate NH3
- Glutamine HCO3 2ATP H2O Carbamoyl Phosphate 2 ADP Pi Glutamate
- Glutamine Synthetase
- Glutathione Peroxidase
- Glyceraldehyde3phosphate
- Glyceraldehyde3Phosphate Dehydrogenase G3PDH
- Glycerol
- Glycerol3Phosphate Gly3P
- Glycerophospholipids
- Glycogen
- Glycogen Breakdown Regulation
- Glycogen Phosphorylase
- Glycogen phosphorylase a catalyzes phosphorolysis of glycogen to form glucose1phosphate
- Glycogen Phosphorylase b
- Glycolysis - 2
- Glycolysis Gluconeogenesis
- Glyoxylate Cycle
- Glyoxylate Cycle Intermediates
- Guanylate Cyclase
- Guanylate Kinase
- H
- H2
- Health News Cholesterol and Hedgehog Protein
- Helix LoopHelix Binding Domains
- Help
- Heme
- Hemoglobin
- Hemoglobin and myoglobin - 2
- Henderson Hasselbalch Equation from Chapter
- High Energy Phosphate Compounds Free Energy Sources in Biological Systems Coupled Reactions
- Higher Order Chromatin Structure
- Hill Plots and Cooperativity
- Histidine
- History of DNA Structure of BDNA
- HIV Protease Image
- Hjj C Coo H
- How can the actively transcribing polymerase pass through arrays of nucleosomes
- How can the transcription factors and initiation complex bind to DNA in the presence of nucleosomes
- Hydro xylysine
- Hydroxy5Deazaflavin
- HydroxyacylCoA Dehydrogenase
- Hydroxybutyrate
- Hydroxymethyluracil
- Hydroxyprogesterone
- Hydroxyproline
- Hydroxyurea
- Hypoxanthine
- Hypoxanthine Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase HGPRT
- Ibuprofen
- Ii
- Iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiissftui ii Back to Main Index - 2
- Iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitti tan
- Iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitmii m
- Iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitmu Li Primary Secondary Tertiary Structure of Nucleic Acids
- Iiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiismu Li Glucagon is a peptide hormone involved in increasing blood levels of glucose
- Iiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiismu Li Hormonal mechanisms include the following
- Iiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiismu Li Proteins
- Iiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiismu Li Strategy of glycolysis
- Iiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiismu Li Two isoenzyme forms of pyruvate kinase exist
- Iiiiiiliillimiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitmum
- Iiiiiiliilllliiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiittl Hi Li
- Image of ATCase slow
- IMBJena Nucleic Acid Conformations
- IMP Dehydrogenase
- Important Differences Between G and G0
- Important points about the synthesis of purine nucleotides to the point of IMP
- In animals desaturation of fatty acids requires a fatty acylCoA desaturase Figure 1832
- Index to Items Beginning with A
- Index to Items Beginning with a Number
- Index to Items Beginning with B
- Index to Items Beginning with C
- Index to Items Beginning with H
- Info
- Initiation and Elongation
- Inosine monophosphate IMP
- Inositol 145Triphosphate InsP
- Integration Host Factor IHFan E coli protein
- Interactions with Promoters
- Interconverted by the enzyme UDPgalactose4epimerase Figure 1314
- Intermediates of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
- Internet Link Adenosine Deaminase
- Internet Link aKeto Acid Complexes A Review - 2
- Internet Link Amino Acid Metabolism
- Internet Link Anion Channel Transmitters Receptors and Disease
- Internet Link Ascorbate Metabolism
- Internet Link Bile Acid Biosynthesis - 2 3 4 5
- Internet Link Cathepsin D as a Marker for Breast Cancer
- Internet Link Cytochrome b6f Complex
- Internet Link Dna Repair - 2
- Internet Link Dna Replication Enzymes
- Internet Link Dopamine
- Internet Link E coli Rho Protein
- Internet Link Electron Transport Animation
- Internet Link Fatty Acid Metabolism
- Internet Link Globin Gene Server
- Internet Link Gly Ser Thr Metabolism
- Internet Link Glyoxylate Cycle Metabolism
- Internet Link Lesch Nyhan Syndrome
- Internet Link Lipid Transport - 2 3
- Internet Link Lysine Biosynthesis
- Internet Link Meselson and Stahls Experiment
- Internet Link Metalloprotein Database - 2
- Internet Link Methionine Metabolism
- Internet Link Mismatch Repair
- Internet Link Molybdenum Nitrogenase Component II
- Internet Link Nicotinate and Nicotinamide Metabolism
- Internet Link Nitrate Uptake and Reduction - 2
- Internet Link Normal Human Axoneme
- Internet Link Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Internet Link Pentose Phosphate Pathway
- Internet link Phenylalanine 5enoylpyruvylshiKimic acid 3phosphate
- Internet Link Phenylalanine Tyrosine and Tryptophan Biosynthesis
- Internet Link Photosynthetic Pigments
- Internet Link Plant Hormones
- Internet Link Prostaglandin and Leukotriene Metabolism
- Internet Link Protein Kinase Classification - 2
- Internet Link Protein Secondary Structure
- Internet Link Rebase The Restriction Enzyme Database - 2 3
- Internet Link Recombination Tutorial
- Internet Link Regulation of the Cell Cycle - 2
- Internet Link Regulon DB A Database of Transcriptional Regulation in E coli
- Internet Link Retinol Metabolism
- Internet Link Sterol Biosynthesis
- Internet Link Supercoiling
- Internet Link The Chaperonin Home Page
- Internet Link The Effect of Site Specific Methylation on Promega Restriction Enzymes
- Internet Link The Nitric Oxide Home Page
- Internet Link The Proteasomes - 2
- Internet Link The Recombination Pages
- Internet Link Thiamine Metabolism
- Internet Link Translation Initiation and Elongation Factors
- Internet Link Transposon and Transposase Tagging
- Internet Link Tubulin
- Internet Link Tumor Gene Database - 2
- Internet Link Urea Cycle and Metabolism of Amino Groups - 2
- Internet Link Val Leu Ile Biosynthesis
- Internet Link Zellweger Syndrome
- Internet Links - 2
- Internet Links 1 Enkephalins
- Internet Links Amino Acyl tRNA Synthetase Data Bank 3
- Internet Links Glycolysis Gluconeogenesis 4 5
- Internet Links Rod Photoreceptor - 2 6
- Intracellular Receptors
- Introduction
- Introduction Figure 251 DNA Methylation Figure 253 Restriction and Modification
- Introduction Figure 519 Figure 520 An Overview of Translation Figure 420 The Genetic Code
- Introduction to Amino Acids
- Introduction to the Archaea Life in the Extremes
- Iododeoxyruridine
- Isoelectric focusing Interactions Between Macroions in Solution
- Isopentenyladenosine
- Isopropyl Thiogalactoside IPTG
- It
- J3 Oxidation of Saturated Fatty Acids
- J3HydroxyJ3MethylglutarylCoA HMGCoA
- Keratan Sulfates
- L25Dihydrox Yvitamin D3 Thyroid hormones
- Lactose Synthase
- Lanosterol
- Lecithin Cholesterol Acyl Transferase LCAT
- Leucine
- Like
- Lipid Bilayer Models for Ras Mol - 2 3
- Lipid Transport - 2
- Lipids are diverse in their structure and properties Lipids include the lipidsoluble vitamins steroid hormones prostaglandins fatty acids triacylglycerols fats glycerophospholipids sphingolipids
- Lipid Soluble Vitamins
- Lipoic Acid lipoamide
- Lipoic Acid Lipoamide
- Lipoprotein Lipase LPL
- Liver extracts The Folic Acid pteroylglutamic acid
- LLactate
- LMalate Nadp Nadph Pyruvate H catalyzed by Malic Enzyme
- LMalic Acid Malate
- LOrnithine
- Lysine
- Lysine Biosynthesis
- Lysolecithin
- Main Index
- MalonylACP
- MalonylCoA
- Maltase
- Mannose
- Mannuronic Acid
- Mercaptopurine
- Messenger RNA mRNA
- Met
- Metabolism of Glycerophospholipids Figure 192
- Methenyltetrahydrofolate
- Methionine
- Methylenetetrahydrofolate
- MethylmalonylCoA
- Mevalonic Acid Mevalonate
- Molecular Intermediates of Glycolysis
- Molecules R Us
- Monosaccharide Nomenclature
- Monosaccharides
- Muscles and Other Actin Myosin Contractile Systems Actin and Myosin
- Myoglobin
- Myristate
- N
- N6Methyladenine mA
- NAcetyl Dglucosamine DGlucose DGlucose
- NAcetylgalactosamine
- NAcetylJ3
- NAcetyllactosamine
- Nad
- Nadh
- Nadnadh Balance
- Nadp
- Nadp Nadph
- Nadph
- NCarbamoylLAspartate CAA
- Neurotransmitter Newsletter - 2
- Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor Figure 2134 shows the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
- Nitrate Uptake and Reduction
- Nlinked Glycans
- Nn gene
- Nucleic Acid Protein Binding Motifs slow
- Nucleoside Diphosphokinase NDPK
- Nucleosomes
- Nucleotides - 2
- O
- Of DmethylmalonylCoA to succinylCoA see Figure 2020 and here
- Ogo ogo o o ogogo og o
- Ohlorophist1Chloroplast Chloroplast
- Oligosaccharides
- Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides as Cell Markers
- OLinked Glycans
- One and Three Letter Amino Acid Codes
- Other Isoprenoid Compounds
- Other reciprocal regulators of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are fructose26bisphosphate and
- Other Replication Proteins
- Outline - 2 3
- Oxidases and Oxygenases
- Oxidative phosphorylation
- Oxygen Transport Hemoglobin
- Oxytetracycline
- PalmitoylCoA
- Passive Transport Mechanisms
- Passive Versus Active Transport
- Pentose Phosphate Pathway
- PEP CO2 Oxaloacetate Pi
- Pep H Adp Pyruvate ATP
- Peptides and the Peptide Bond Figure
- Pg 2pg
- PH pKa log [A[HA see also Equation 210
- Phenylalanine
- Phenylalanine Dihydrobiopterin O2 Tyrosine Tetrahydrobiopterin H2O
- Phenylalanine Hydroxylase
- Pheophytin A
- Phosphatidylcholine
- Phosphatidylserine
- Phosphoadenosine5Phosphosulfate
- Phosphocholine
- Phosphofructokinase2 PFK2 Fructose26Bisphosphatase FBPase2
- Phosphogluconolactone
- Phosphoglycerate
- Phospholipase A2 may act on phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine to yield arachidonate
- Phospholipid Catabolism
- Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate PRPP
- Phosphorolysis
- Phosphribosyl Pyrophosphate Synthetase PRPP Synthetase
- Photosynthetic Pigments - 2
- PHydroxybenzoic Acid
- Phytanic Acid
- Pi
- Plastoquinone QA
- Plastoquinone QH2
- Polypeptide Chain Folding
- Polysaccharides - 2
- Porphyrin and Chlorophyll Metabolism
- Porphyrin and Heme Metabolism
- Porphyrinogen
- Posttranscriptional Processing mRNA Turnover
- Posttranscriptional Processing of rRNA and tRNA
- Prediction of Secondary and Tertiary Protein Structure
- Primary Structure of Nucleic Acids
- Proline
- PropionylCoA
- PropionylCoA Carboxylase
- Prostaglandin A PGA
- Prostaglandin and Leukotriene Metabolism
- Prostaglandin E PGE
- Prostaglandin F2 PGF2
- Prostaglandins
- Prostaglandins and Thromboxanes act like local hormones
- Protein Folding - 2
- Proteins
- Proteins and Signal Transduction
- Proteoglycans
- Protoporphyrin IX
- Putrescine 14Diaminobutane
- Pyrimidine Nucleotide Metabolism
- Pyrimidines
- Pyruvate HCO3 ATP Oxaloacetate ADP Pi H
- Pyruvate NAD CoASH AcetylCoA Nadh Co2
- Pyruvate NAD CoASH AcetylCoA Nadh Co2 catalyzed by Pyruvate
- Pyruvate Nadh H Lactate NAD
- Pyruvic Acid Pyruvate
- R - 2 3
- Reaction - 2 3
- Reaction Summary of the Citric Acid Cycle
- Reactions of Glycolysis - 2
- Reactions Energies of Glycolysis
- Rearrangements Table 254
- Recombination via Holliday Junction
- Reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate catalyzed in adipocytes by glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase
- Regulation of Gluconeogenesis
- Regulation of Glycolysis
- Regulation of Glycolysis The Pasteur Effect
- Repressors
- Respiratory Control
- Resting Potential
- Retinoic Acid
- Retrovirus Transposition
- Return to Hemoglobin Variants
- Return to Oxygen Binding by Myoglobin
- Reverse Transcriptase
- Rhe
- Rhodopsin
- Ribonucleotide Reductase and Deoxyribonucleotide Biosynthesis
- Ribose5Phosphate
- Ribosomal RNA rRNA
- Ribosomes
- Ribozyme Enzymology
- Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase Oxygenase Rubisco
- Ribulose15Bisphosphate RuBP
- Ribulose5Phosphate
- Rna
- RNA Modification Database
- RNA Polymerase III Transcription
- RNA Polymerases
- RNA Viruses
- Rotating Proteins
- S rRNA Homepage
- Saccharides
- SAdenosylhomocysteine
- Second Messenger Cascades
- Secondary Structure Regular Ways to Fold the Polypeptide Chain
- Secondary Structure Specific Examples
- See also AcetylCoA Carboxylase Control of Fatty Acid Synthesis
- See also AIDS and the Immune Response The Immune Response
- See also Amino Acid Degradation Transamination in Amino Acid Metabolism
- See also Amino Acid Degradation Transamination in Amino Acid Metabolism Utilization of Ammonia Glucose Alanine Cycle
- See also Amino Acids Glutathione Peroxidase Genetic Code
- See also Ampholytes Polyampholytes pKa Nucleic Acids
- See also Amylopectin Glucose
- See also Anaerobic Glycolysis
- See also Antioxidants Reactive Oxygen Oxygen Metabolism and Human Disease Catalase Glutathione Peroxidase Superoxide Dismutase
- See also Apoptosis
- See also Arginine Mitochondria Energetics in Muscular Motion
- See also ATP as Free Energy Currency Free Energy and Concentration from Chapter 3 Important Points about AG from chapter
- See also Bacterial Cell Walls Microbial Cell Wall Polysaccharides Bacitracin Vancomycin
- See also Base Excision Repair Antioxidants Reactive Oxygen Oxygen Metabolism and Human Disease Thymine Glycol 5Hydroxymethyluracil DNA Nucleotides
- See also BDNA Polynucleotide Structures Dna Rna Palindromes
- See also Biochemistry of Obesity
- See also Biological Fuel
- See also Biological Fuel Figure 234
- See also Biological Fuel Heart Metabolism Figure 234
- See also Biological Fuel Hormonal Regulation of Fuel Metabolism Figure 234
- See also Biological Fuel Liver Metabolism Ketogenesis from Chapter 18 Biochemistry of Neurotransmission from Chapter 21 Neurotransmitters and Receptors from Chapter 21 Figure 234
- See also Biological Fuel Muscle Metabolism Figure 234
- See also Biosynthesis of Glycoconjugates - 2
- See also Biosynthesis of Glycoconjugates Figure 1616 Figure 1617 - 2
- See also Biotin
- See also Bisphosphoglycerate and Hemoglobin
- See also C4 Cycle Bundle Sheath Cells Calvin Cycle Photorespiration Rubisco
- See also Calmodulin Mechanism of Activating Glycogen Breakdown Glycogen Breakdown
- See also Calvin Cycle Photosystem II Photosystem I Photosystem Summary Carbohydrates from chapter 9 Nadph The Energy of Light Photochemistry
- See also Calvin Cycle Photosystem Summary Chlorophyll
- See also cAMP receptor protein CRP Lac Repressor trp Operon Regulation Arabinose Operon
- See also Citrate Shuttle
- See also Citric Acid Cycle Intermediates in Amino Acid Metabolism from Chapter 21 Amino Acids Utilization of Ammonia Amino Acid Degradation Ammonia Transport in the Body Coenzymes in Nitrogen Metabolism
- See also Clonal Selection Theory Antibody Structure Generation of Antibody Diversity Antibody Diversity from Chapter 25 T Cells and the Cellular Response AIDS and the Immune Response
- See also Coenzymes in Nitrogen Metabolism
- See also Cordycepin Actinomycin D Rifampicin Figure 264
- See also Coulombs Law Covalent Bonds vs Non Covalent Forces Hydrogen Bonds
- See also Covalent Bonds vs Non Covalent Forces DNA Secondary Structure from Chapter 2 Dynamics of Protein Folding
- See also Cyclic Electron Flow Photosystem Summary Calvin Cycle
- See also DAmino Acids Amino Acids Not In Proteins Bacterial Cell Walls
- See also Derivatives of Monosaccharides
- See also Derivatives of Monosaccharides Biosynthesis of Amino Sugars
- See also Dielectric Constant
- See also Dielectric Medium Energy of Interaction
- See also Difference Spectra Inhibitors and Artificial Electron Acceptors Fmn Fmnh2 Nad Nadh Rotenone Amytal Coenzyme Q Cytochromes Antimycin A Cyanide Azide Carbon Monoxide
- See also Disaccharides
- See also DNA Dielectric Constant Ionic Equilibria and pH
- See also DNA Methylation Cytosine Prokaryotic Mismatch Repair
- See also DNA Methylation Figure 253 Globin Gene Expression in Development
- See also Drug Design
- See also Electron Transport NADH Coenzyme Q Amytal
- See also Erythrocyte Membrane Table 105
- See also Factordependent termination of transcription eukaryotic termination of transcription
- See also Fat Absorption and Transport Fatty Acids
- See also Fat Glucose Glycogen Fat Absorption and Transport
- See also Fatty Acids Glycerol Diacylglycerol Diacylglycerol Lipase
- See also Fibrous Proteins
- See also Fibrous Proteins otHelix ffSheet Cysteine
- See also Fibrous Proteins Secondary Structure General aHelix Sheets ffTurns
- See also Figure 113
- See also Figure 113 Protein Targeting Programmed Destruction of Proteins Cholesterol Biosynthesis Biosynthesis of Glycoconjugates Cytochrome P450
- See also Figure 174c Figure 1716 Thylakoid Lumen Chloroplast Anatomy Stroma CF0CF1 Complex Chloroplast Anatomy Grana Stroma Mitochondrial Structure and Function Photosystem II Photosystem I CF0CF1 Complex
- See also Figure 43 DNA Acyclovir Ganciclovir De Novo Biosynthesis of Purine Nucleotides
- See also Figure 915 Glycosides
- See also Figure 916a
- See also Figure 916b Table
- See also Figure 924b Polysaccharides Dermatan Sulfates Keratan Sulfates
- See also Fischer Projection Diastereomers Sugar Ring Structures
- See also Flagellin Motions of Cilia and Flagella
- See also Free Energy and Concentration ATP as Free Energy Currency from Chapter
- See also Glucagon Kinase Cascade Catecholamines Isoproterenol Action of Epinephrine Norepinephrine
- See also Gluconeogenesis Substrates Regulation of Gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis Relationship of Gluconeogenesis to Glycolysis Regulation of Gluconeogenesis Glycolysis
- See also Glutamate as a Precursor of Other Amino Acids Tetrahydrofolate Coenzymes
- See also Glutamate as a Precursor to Other Amino Acids
- See also Glutamic Acid Blood Clotting from Chapter
- See also Glycerol3Phosphate Dehydrogenase Fat Glycolysis Gluconeogenesis
- See also Glycine Figure 52b
- See also Glycogen Biosynthesis Glycogen Catabolism from chapter
- See also Glycogen Metabolism Diseases Glycogen Biosynthesis
- See also Henderson Hasselbalch Equation pKa
- See also Henderson Hasselbalch Equation The Structure and Properties of Water
- See also Hill Plots and Cooperativity Oxygen Binding by Myoglobin Hemoglobin Allostery Evolution of Myoglobin Hemoglobin Proteins Regulation of Ribonucleotide Reductase from Chapter 22 Bisphosphoglycerate and Hemoglobin
- See also Hydrogen Bonds Structure and Properties of Water Entropy
- See also Initiation and Elongation Promoter Organization
- See also Initiation of Translation Elongation of Translation Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic
- See also Initiation of Translation Elongation of Translation Termination of Translation
- See also Integrity of Mitochondrial Membranes from Chapter 15 Electron Transport from Chapter 15 Chlorophyll
- See also Internal Energy E Enthalpy - 2
- See also Internal Energy E Enthalpy Interplay of Enthalpy and Entropy
- See also Intracellular Transport of Materials Microtubule Systems
- See also Ionic Equilibria and pH Henderson Hasselbalch Equation pi Zwitterions
- See also Ketone Bodies Ketogenesis
- See also Kinase Cascade
- See also Lactic Acid fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation
- See also Lactose Glucoseot Lactalbumin
- See also Lactose Operon Regulation cAMP Receptor Protein Crp Rna Polymerases
- See also LDL Receptors Coated Pits Lipoprotein Complexes
- See also Lipid Soluble Vitamins
- See also Lipoproteins Coated Pits Receptor Mediated Endocytosis LDLs Clathrin
- See also Membrane Asymmetry
- See also Membrane Proteins
- See also Metabolism of Ornithine and Arginine SAdenosylmethionine and Biological Methylations Polyamines - 2
- See also Methotrexate
- See also Microtubule Systems Intracellular Transport of Materials
- See also Mitochondrial Structure and Function from Chapter 15 Basic Processes of Photosynthesis Light Gathering Structures Chloroplast Anatomy Thylakoid Lumen Chlorophyll Chloroplasts
- See also Models of Allosteric Activity Hemoglobin Allostery
- See also Monoacylglycerol Lipase Diacylglycerol Triacylglycerol Lipase
- See also Monosaccharide Nomenclature Derivatives of Monosaccharides
- See also Motions of Cilia and Flagella Axoneme Dynein
- See also Motions of Cilia and Flagella Microtubule Systems Dynein Kinesin
- See also Muramic Acid Bacterial Cell Walls
- See also Nad Nadh Fad Fadh2 Cytochromes
- See also Neurotransmission Acetylcholine Phosphatidylcholine
- See also Nucleoside and Nucleotide Naming
- See also Nucleoside and Nucleotide Naming Nucleotide Properties Dna Rna
- See also Nucleosomes Chromatin Chromosomes Topoisomerases
- See also Nucleotide Analogs in Selection
- See also Nucleotide Properties Phosphodiester Bonds
- See also Nucleotide Salvage Synthesis
- See also Nucleotide Salvage Synthesis De Novo Pyrimidine Nucleotide Metabolism
- See also Nucleotides Cytosine De Novo Pyrimidine Nucleotide Metabolism
- See also Nucleotides De Novo Pyrimidine Nucleotide Metabolism Nucleotide Salvage Synthesis
- See also Other replication proteins
- See also Oxygen Binding by Hemoglobin Oxygen Binding by Myoglobin Hemoglobin Allostery Oxygen Binding by Heme Proteins Bisphosphoglycerate and Hemoglobin Regulation of Ribonucleotide Reductase from Chapter
- See also Oxygen Metabolism and Human Disease Antioxidants
- See also Phosphoprotein Phosphatase I cAMPDependent Protein Kinase
- See also Phosphorolysis Glycogen phosphorylase Figure 1318 Kinase Cascade Figure 1316 Figure 1317 Polysaccharides Glycogen Breakdown Hydrolysis vs Phosphorolysis Glycogen Breakdown Regulation
- See also Phosphorylations
- See also Photosystem I Photosystem Summary
- See also Photosystem II Photosystem I Cyclic Electron Flow Cytochrome b6f
- See also Polysaccharides
- See also Proline Collagen Modified Amino Acids in Proteins Glutamate as a Precursor of Other
- See also Protein Turnover Programmed Destruction of Proteins from Chapter
- See also Purine Degradation The Immune Response from Chapter 7 Antibody Structure from Chapter 7 Generation of Antibody Diversity from Chapter
- See also Pyrimidine Dimers Thymine Dimers Photoreactivation Postreplication Repair RecA SOS Response Antioxidants from Chapter 15 Oxygen Metabolism and Human Disease
- See also Reaction Center Photosystem Summary
- See also Reactions Energies of Glycolysis Regulation of Glycolysis Hexokinase
- See also Reactive Oxygen Oxygen Metabolism and Human Disease Superoxide Dismutase Catalase Glutathione Peroxidase
- See also Receptor Mediated Endocytosis Lipoprotein Complexes in Fat Transport
- See also Reciprocal Regulation Kinase Cascade from chapter 13 Glycogen Breakdown Regulation
- See also Reciprocal Regulation of Glycogen Biosynthesis and Mobilization Glycogen Metabolism Diseases Glycogen Catabolism from chapter 13 Glycogen Glucose
- See also Regulation of Enzyme Activity Blood Clotting BPTI Covalent Modification of Proteins
- See also Regulation of Gluconeogenesis Reciprocal Regulation
- See also Response to Starvation Diabetes Action of Insulin
- See also Resting Potential Action Potential Biochemistry of Neurotransmission Chapter
- See also Retrovirus Transposition Recombination
- See also Ribonucleotide Reductase and Deoxyribonucleotide Biosynthesis Regulation of Photosynthesis Metabolism of Sulfur Containing Amino Acids
- See also Salvage Routes to Deoxyribonucleotide Synthesis
- See also Salvage Routes to Deoxyribonucleotide Synthesis Nucleotide Analogs in Medicine Thymidine Kinase
- See also Secondary Structure General Secondary Structure Terms Secondary Structures Specific examples Factors Determining Secondary and Tertiary Structure Sheet Keratin
- See also Steroid Hormone Synthesis
- See also Structure of tRNAs The Genetic Code Translation Overview
- See also Table
- See also The C4 Cycle Photorespiration
- See also The Genetic Code Structure of tRNAs Initiation of Translation Prokaryotic Translation Regulation Lactose Operon Regulation from Chapter 26 Promoter Organization
- See also The Nitrogen Cycle Utilization of Ammonia Urea Cycle
- See also The Sliding Filament Model The Structure of Muscle Nomuscle Actin and Myosin Headpieces
- See also The Structure of Muscle The Sliding Filament Model Creatine Phosphate
- See also Thermodynamics of Protein Folding Dynamics of Protein Folding
- See also Thermodynamics of Transport Across Membranes Passive Versus Active Transport Transport Mechanisms Sodium Potassium Pump
- See also Thylakoid Membrane Figure 174c The Chloroplast Chloroplast Anatomy Stroma Grana CF0CF1 Complex Figure 1716 Oxidative Phosphorylation
- See also Thyroxine Thyroglobulin Aromatic Amino Acid Utilization
- See also Topoisomerases
- See also Transamination in Amino Acid Metabolism Amino Acids
- See also Transcriptional Regulation in Phage X Structure of Cro and cl Repressors
- See also Transport Mechanisms Neurotransmission
- See also Types and Consequences of DNA Damage DNANGlycosylases
- See also Types and Consequences of DNA Damage Photoreactivation
- See also Utilization of Ammonia
- See also Utilization of Ammonia Uridylyl Transferase
- See also Viral and Cellular Oncogenes Oncogenes in Human Tumors G Proteins and Signal Transduction G Protein Families and Subunits Receptors with Protein Kinase Activity Hormone Action
- See also Viral and Cellular Oncogenes Oncogenes in Human Tumors Oncogenes and Cell Signalling
- Semiconservative DNA Replication
- Serine
- Sheets
- Shikimic Acid
- Shuttling Electron Carriers into the Mitochondrion
- Signal Transduction
- Singlestrand DNAbinding protein
- Siroheme
- Some Bioenergetic Considerations
- Specific examples
- Spermine from ornithineThe gN
- Sphingoglycolipid Metabolism
- Sphingomyelin
- Spliceosome
- Stability of Nucleic Acid Secondary and Tertiary Structure
- Stability of Secondary and Tertiary Structure
- Stearic Acid Stearate
- Steroid and Thyroid Hormones Intracellular Receptors
- Steroid hormones are classified into five major categories progestins mineralocorticoids glucocorticoids androgens and estrogens
- Structure of Cro and cI Repressors
- Structure of Cro and cl Repressors
- Structure of Prokaryotic mRNAs
- Structure of RNA Polymerase
- Structure of tRNAs
- Succinate
- Succinate dehydrogenase also called succinatecoenzyme Q reductase or Complex II is an enzyme of the citric acid cycle and glyoxylate cycle that catalyzes the reaction below
- Succinate FAD enzyme bound Fumarate FADH2
- Summary
- Swiss 3DImage
- Synthase I Glycogen Synthase D
- Synthesis of other polysaccharides involves many of the same mechanisms as for glycogen
- Synthesis of Palmitate from AcetylCoA
- Table 106
- Table 231
- Table 232
- Table 233
- Table - 2
- Terminology
- Testoterone
- Tetrahydrobiopterin
- The Bohr Effect
- The bottom line
- The Dark Reactions The Calvin Cycle Figure 1720
- The enyzyme uses thiamine pyrophosphate as a coenzyme Figure1414 and is very similar in mechanism of action to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex Figure 1410
- The Eukaryotic Genome
- The heart uses a variety of fuelsmainly fatty acids but also glucose lactate and ketone bodies
- The Kinetics of Enzymatic Catalysis
- The Light Reactions
- The Mitochondrion Scene of the Action Figure 152 Oxidations and Energy Generation Figure 153
- The Nature of Nucleic Acids
- The Recombination Pages
- The Regulation of Protein Synthesis in Prokaryotes Figure 2731 Figure 2732 Figure 2733
- The Role of Calcium in Contraction
- The Structure of Muscle
- The two major classes of proteins are the fibrous proteins and the globular proteins Fibrous proteins
- Thermodynamics of Protein Folding
- Thiamine Pyrophosphate TPP
- Thiouridine
- This pathway begins with the ATPdependent conversion of galactose to galactose1phosphate catalyzed by galactokinase Figure 1313 reaction
- This reaction is catalyzed by fructose 16 bisphosphatase
- Thymidine Kinase
- Thymine Dimers
- Transcription
- Transcription and its Control in Eukaryotic Cells
- Transfer RNAs tRNAs
- Translation - 2
- Triacylglycerol Lipase Hormone Sensitive Lipase
- Trimethoprim
- Triose Phosphate Isomerase TPI
- TRNA Sequence Database
- TRNA Synthetase Image
- Troponins
- Trp Operon Regulation
- Tumor Suppressor Genes and Cancer Treatment - 2
- Type I
- Type I Restriction Endonucleases
- Type III Restriction Endonucleases
- Types and Consequences of DNA Damage
- Tyrosine Metabolism - 2
- UDPGalactose - 2
- UDPGalactose Glucose UDP Lactose - 2
- Uii
- Uncoupling ETS and Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Unnumbered Item - 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
- Uracil
- Urea
- Urea Cycle
- Urea cycle and Metabolism of Amino Groups
- Urea Cycle Reactions
- Uric Acid
- Uroporphyrinogen I
- Utilization of Ammonia Biogenesis of Organic Nitrogen Figure 207
- J 1 v y
- Virus Directed Alterations of Nucleotide Metabolism Diagram Figure 2223 Biological and Medical Importance of Other Nucleotide Analogs
- Vitamin A All transRetinol
- Vitamin E
- Vitamin K
- Vitamin Kl Phylloquinone
- Welcome
- What are Telomeres
- X
- Xanthine
- Xanthosine Monophosphate
- [Gly Ala Gly Ala Gly Ser Gly Ala Ala Gly Ser Gly Ala Gly Ala Gly8